freedoujinsh

       在接下来的时间里，我将尽力回答大家关于freedoujinsh的问题，希望我的解答能够给大家带来一些思考。关于freedoujinsh的话题，我们开始讲解吧。

1.cosplay的英文介绍!

cosplay的英文介绍!

       Cosplay (コスプレ, kosupure), a contraction (or portmanteau) of the English words "costume" and "play", is a Japanese subculture centered on dressing as characters from manga, anime, tokusatsu, and video games, and, less commonly, Japanese live action television shows, fantasy movies, or Japanese pop music bands. However, in some circles, "cosplay" has been expanded to mean simply wearing a costume.

       In Japan, "cosplay" as a hobby is usually an end unto itself. Likeminded people gather to see others' costumes, show off their own elaborate handmade creations, take lots of pictures, and possibly participate in best costume contests.

       The most specific anecdote about the origin of the word "cosplay" was that Nov Takahashi (from a Japanese studio called Studio Hard) coined the term "cosplay" as a contraction of the English-language words "costume play" while he was attending the 1984 Los Angeles Science Fiction Worldcon. He was so impressed by the hall and masquerade costuming there that he reported about it frequently in Japanese science fiction magazines. This ultimately triggered Japanese cosplay. This point is debatable, however, as the word fits in with a common Japanese method of abbreviation: combining the first two syllables of one word with the first two syllables of a second word (or, more precisely, the first two moras of each). Other examples of this include Pokémon (ポケモン, Pokémon short for ポケットモンスター, or "Pocket Monsters") and puroresu (プロレス, puroresu short for プロレスリング, or "professional wrestling").

       Cosplay venues

       Cosplay can be seen at public events such as video game shows, as well as at dedicated cosplay parties at nightclubs or amusement parks. It is not unusual for Japanese teenagers to gather with like-minded friends in places like Tokyo's Harajuku district to engage in cosplay. Since 1998, Tokyo's Akihabara district has contained a large number of cosplay cafés, catering to devoted anime and cosplay fans. The waitresses at such cafés dress as game or anime characters; maid costumes are particularly popular.

       Possibly the single largest and most famous event attended by cosplayers is the semiannual dojinshi market, Comiket. This event, held in summer and winter, attracts hundreds of thousands of manga otaku and many thousands of cosplayers who congregate on the roof of the exhibition center, often in unbearably hot or cold conditions.

       Cosplayers in Japan refer to themselves as leya-zu; pronounced layers (by writing the word cosplayers in Katakana, it is possible to shorten it in this way, although it makes no sense in English). Those who photograph players are called cameko, short for "Camera Kozo" or "Camera Boy". The cameko give prints of their photos to the players as gifts. Tensions between players and cameko have increased due to perceived stalker-like behaviour among some obsessive males who push female cosplayers to exchange personal email addresses or do private photo sessions. One result of this has been a tightening of restrictions on photography at events such as Comiket.

       Cosplay trends

       A recent trend at Japanese cosplay events is an increase in the popularity of non-Japanese fantasy and science fiction movie characters, perhaps due to the international success of such films as The Matrix, Star Wars and Lord of the Rings. Characters from the Harry Potter films have a particularly high number of female fans in Japan, with female cosplayers playing either male or female characters, Draco Malfoy being an extremely popular choice.

       The act of cosplaying as characters of the opposite sex is called "crossplay" (cross-dressing cosplay). A small niche group in this field are dollers, a subset of kigurumi cosplayers; usually male, they wear bodysuits and masks to fully transform into female characters.

       Another recent trend in cosplay is a blurring of the distinction between costumes based on characters from games and anime, and "original" costumes based upon a general theme or existing fashions. In particular, the Tokyo teen-fashion trend of Gothic Lolita has attracted some cosplayers who might not have the inclination (or possibly courage) to wear such distinctive clothes around town, but who would like to dress in such a manner on some occasions.

       International cosplay

       Most features of cosplay have spread first to the other parts of Asia, then around the globe, and finally fused with costuming at science fiction conventions in North America and Europe. It is also a common sight at anime conventions. Cosplayers at anime conventions in North America often find themselves on the receiving ends of glomps, a type of high-powered hug.

       Cosplay in the United States and Europe differs from Japanese cosplay culture in some ways. Cosplay concerning Star Trek, Star Wars, other science fiction worlds, Renaissance-era characters, and historical re-enactments (e.g. Civil War battles), especially at science fiction conventions, are far more popular in the West than they are in Japan. Alternatively, some costumes that might be seen as in bad taste in the west (such as Nazi uniforms from certain comics or games) may be seen at events in Japan.

       Western cosplayers are stereotypically lampooned as being overweight or otherwise unsuited to the characters they attempt to portray. An issue with cosplaying anime and manga characters is that these characters generally do not have bodily proportions that can easily be mimicked by many typical cosplayers (e.g. incredibly long legs, huge muscles or giant breasts), and there is debate among fans about how important or not this element is when cosplaying.

       In Mexico, cosplay is commonly seen inside conventions that can be video game, science fiction or anime themed. It is common that cosplayers will also organize their own reunions which can be themed or free for the sake of taking pictures together. Cosplay in Mexico is competitive in a healthy level, with well established representants.

       In Australia, the trend mirrors the American and European in that the subject costumes may be selected from sources other than manga or anime. Sources include western comics, computer games, science fiction/fantasy movies and TV shows, animation shorts or features, period drama, novels - any source that provides vivid and graphic inspiration of a character and their costume. Usually the term "cosplay" is not used to cover historical recreation as the focus is on representational accuracy, not historical accuracy. In general, Australian cosplay is most commonly seen in the larger population centres such as the capital cities and major regional centres, as these have the population base to support the diversity among fringe interests. The display of the costumes is not limited to conventions, although it is not unusual for dedicated cosplayers to travel extensively throughout Australia following the convention trail during the year. In addition to the social convening at conventions, many smaller social groupings exist, hosting their own local events.[1]

       Cosplay is rapidly entering the mainstream in the Philippines[2] , where cosplay events are often held within an anime, manga, gaming, or sci-fi convention. More often than not, these conventions and events are sponsored, and debates have raged on whether or not judges' perspectives are influenced by the organizers of a cosplay event.

       In some south-asia cities that are heavily influenced by Japanese culture, like Hong Kong and Taiwan, cosplaying is an usual activity. Cosplay costumes are seen commonly on the streets, especially in the districts that teenagers love to hang around, let alone the comic festivals that are organized frequently there.

       Cosplay in North America

       Convention activity in the United States and Canada has become a much larger and much more popular trend within the past decade. Larger conventions such as Anime Expo, Otakon and Anime North have become renowned internationally. With the added public attention coming from such popular animated cartoons imported from Japan (see anime) including Dragonball Z, InuYasha, and now the popular Naruto, cosplayers and the anime world have peeked their heads into the world of mainstream pop-culture, on at least a relatively underground scale. More and more convention goers cosplay as their favorite characters from their favorite anime, and thus, the cosplay and anime subcultures have been able to have enough influence to further the creation of conventions to accommodate for the increasing number of cosplayers. Some cosplayers jokingly refer to Halloween as "National Cosplay Day".

       Conventions in America often include both cosplay and costume contests. The cosplay or "masque" (masquerade) is a skit contest done in cosplay costume. This can range from a single person quoting a character's famous line (e.g. Spike Spiegel from Cowboy Bebop: "Bang") to a 10-member costumed cast singing and dancing to the theme of Sailor Moon, to actual comedic or dramatic one-act plays.

       The costume contest is often a test of skill, design, and audience reaction. The contestants are judged either before hand or on stage and then walk across said stage while the audience cheers. Winners of both contests often receive prizes such as gift cards, trophies, and anime DVDs. The increased popularity of convention costuming has lead to the addition of several relatively new cosplay-based events, adding to the traditional masquerade and hall costume contests. Such events include the Anime Dating Game and Cosplay Human Chess, where participating cosplayers act out their characters' role in the game accordingly.

       Competition has led to the development of many cosplay groups that plan for conventions months in advance.

       一，概述\x0d\　　CG(computer-generated，数码工艺品),原义是Computer Graphics，现已经习惯将利用计算机技术进行视觉设计和生产的领域通称为CG。它既包括技术也包括艺术，几乎囊括了当今电脑时代中所有的视觉艺术创作活动，如平面印刷品的设计、网页设计、三维动画、影视特效、多媒体技术、以计算机辅助设计为主的建筑设计及工业造型设计等,它们已经形成一个可观的经济产业。由于CG在目前在日本比较成熟，所以重点介绍日本CG。\x0d\　　二，分类\x0d\　　CG在日本网页上经常用来表示数位工艺品，数位效果，矢量图形或仅是存于电脑的手绘图等工艺。有关热门主题包括：日式动画[[anime]](日语animēshon的缩写，起源于英语animation)，日式漫画[[manga]]，和视频游戏角色，及同此画风的原始角色。（在日本国内用anime和manga来表示各种动画和连环漫画，而其它国家则用它来表示日产动画和日产连环漫画）\x0d\　　1, 漫画([[manga]]，Comic）\x0d\　　在导入CG前，漫画在日本已经是一个成熟的文化产业，是深受男女老少喜爱的大众文化。有幼儿漫画、少男漫画、少女漫画、青年漫画、女性漫画、成人漫画等等，有覆盖各个年龄层次的内容与风格。随着读者的年龄增大，老年漫画也开始出现。虽然漫画家们主要还是采用手绘，然后用扫描仪进行数码化，便贴纸等很多技法采用了photoshop之类的软件。年轻一代越来越习惯于用数码输入板和illustrator painer一类的软件直接创作，或者用数码相机的素材加工成漫画\x0d\　　2, 动画([[anime]],Animation）\x0d\　　从手冢治虫的‘铁臂阿童木’起，日本的动画就广为世界所熟悉，在电脑普及之前，靠手工绘制的动画已经成了日本的朝阳产业。但在人工费等成本不断上涨中，如果没有导入电脑就很难想象动画产业今天的规模。动画大师宫崎骏的新作品一再创造了票房的新记录。日本虽有东映那样的制作‘影院动画’的大公司，但大部分的作品还是出自小公司，小公司在很多制作方面又要委托零细的加工专业和个人制作者。整个产业的从业员约有3.4千人，每星期在日本的电视上放映的动画连续剧有30多本，加上映象产品，定制作品等，他们的产量每个月差不多达到200本，尽管有部分在海外加工，但日本动画业在简陋的条件下（相对与其他制造业生产而言）达到的质量与产量是惊人的。没有CG，动画的大量生产是难以想象的。\x0d\　　3, 游戏(Game）软件\x0d\　　电子游戏开始于美国，日本的软件使之风靡世界。1993年任天堂公司推出了8比特的专用游戏机，到1996年达到了64比特。但硬件的性能再好，没有有趣的软件也是徒然。游戏公司凭借日本动画，漫画的文化积累，充分运用CG，一举形成了世界注目的游戏产业。在不到20年的时间里，发展到数十兆日圆的规模。任天堂（Nintendo），Sega，索尼（Sony）等国际知名的企业成了电子游戏的代名词\x0d\　　4, CG艺术与设计\x0d\　　包括二维、三维的，静止画、动画（movie），从自由创作、服装设计、工业设计、电视广告（CM）到网页设计，可谓包罗万象。\x0d\　　CG作者经常把他们的作品放于网站画廊供读者欣赏其艺术风格。他们也可以被雇佣成为商业工具，销售manga或doujinshi，以及工艺书籍和作品资料CD等。典型的CG网页会有一段有关网站的艺术风格、已完成作品、图形样本和友情链接的介绍。有一些美国作者也采用了这种表现形式，但比不上日本人多产。日本网站上经常提供各种日式动画和日式漫画片段。许多未经作者同意就用于收费网站，而读者也无从得知其创作者。目前，非日式动画/漫画的CG网站也很普遍了。\x0d\　　三，CG软件\x0d\　　CG是最自由的绘画方式，没有固定的方法。同样用作CG的软件并无限制，只要是图形制作、图象处理类的软件都可以，例如：Photoshop、Illustrator、CorelDRAW、 Freehand、Painter、3DS Max、Poser、Maya、甚至用AutoCAD或Window画图等。常见的CG软件是Photoshop和Poser。\x0d\　　1, PHTOPSHOP的CG应用\x0d\　　1), 基本绘图工具：绘图纸(A4正好扫描)，绘图铅笔(2H到4B之间)，橡皮，碳素钢笔(或专用的描线蘸水笔和专用墨水)，扫描仪，手写板，可运行PHOTOSHOP的电脑\x0d\　　2), 卡通CG绘制一般流程：先用铅笔在纸上画草图，然后用钢笔描绘轮廓线，再扫描(300-600dpi)入电脑加工。\x0d\　　3)，分离轮廓线：先用Filter/Noise?Dust&Scratch等命令去除杂点，用Levels命令调整黑白对比度\x0d\　　A, 用Alpha通道方法：黑白象素分离得比较干净，是最常用的方法。\x0d\　　B, 粗糙的分离：可用Select/Color Range来分离，比用魔术棒Magic Wand Tool效果好些\x0d\　　C, 完全保留轮廓：把轮廓图层设为Multiply图层混合模式，不用分离就能明显露出下方着色图层。\x0d\　　4)，分离图层:使用快速蒙板准确选取各部份，然后为各部份一一添加新图层并填充以白色，图层直接以各部份名称来命名，最终使每一部份颜色都被分离在单独的图层中并将透明元素锁定\x0d\　　5), 着色:对分离的图案层一一着色，可以使用色阶式的着色方法，也可以使用水彩着色的润化效果，?综合使用photoshop的各种工具(如滤镜)，完美地把自然因素与人为创作(创造力和想象力)结合在一起才是好的美术作品。\x0d\　　6)，轮廓线的着色：黑色的轮廓线稍显生硬，一般日式漫画都会进行修饰着色，原则是和周围的颜色匹配。\x0d\　　7)，添加背景：有时为了更好地控制整体色调，可在先绘制出大致的背景效果后，再继续深入绘制人物。\x0d\　　8), 细节修饰：对于大型的作品，需要大量丰富的细节，所以不要急于完成作品，而应该在得到灵感的时候进行加工，添加细节。\x0d\　　2，Poser的CG应用\x0d\　　Poser是专门用于创建3D人物的傻瓜型软件，可以用来完成一些较复杂的任务，如比例合适，基本光源和阴影、摆姿势。不可能只用POSER就得到完美的卡通画, 后期制作是需要的，但它可以大大节省纯粹手绘或把3D作品改造成2D卡通的时间。\x0d\　　3D渲染的模型和传统卡通漫画总是相去甚远，因为卡通画的阴影总是很简单。漫画风格的图画要么有阴影要么没阴影，总是黑白分明，不会因为光少而变得更深。即使是人物身上有阴影部份也是界线分明，由圆滑或者有棱角的形状构成。而现实主义风格的阴影则无法看清界线。POSER中卡通边线功能可以帮助实现一些卡通风格的阴影。\x0d\　　1)，摆姿势，穿衣服，上头发(非渲染形)，装备背景物体。\x0d\　　2)，从身体上清除贴图和高亮，切换到卡通线条模式，改变肌肤色为肉色。\x0d\　　3)，保留一个光源，其他删除。光源应该是100%强度的泛光源。调节光线，在身体一侧产生简单的阴影。\x0d\　　4)，平滑文档，确保光源辅助线不可见，存成TIF文件。\x0d\　　5)，切换回正常的贴图预览模式，改变皮肤颜色为最浅的肉色。\x0d\　　6)，把光强调为150%，关闭地面阴影，渲染保存图象。\x0d\　　7), 在PS中打开图象，把渲染的那张粘贴到卡通风格的上面，把上层的BLENDING MODE改成SCREEN，降低透明度到满意为止。\x0d\　　8)，后期处理锯齿状阴影，用取色吸管工具和画笔涂抹阴影，用色调/饱和度/亮度面板改变颜色，画上眼睛。

       好了，今天关于“freedoujinsh”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够通过我的讲解对“freedoujinsh”有更全面、深入的了解，并且能够在今后的学习中更好地运用所学知识。